Debt & Fiscal Risk

Sovereign debt issuance, deficits, debt refinancing pressure, interest burdens, and municipal obligations.

Debt & Fiscal Risk

Masonry Confinement and Informal Vertical Load Paths

In much of Latin American residential construction, the technical distinction is not between modern and old, but between masonry that participates inside a designed confinement and diaphragm system and masonry that is simply stacked, plastered, and occupied. Walls that carry gravity load can appear adequate under daily conditions while retaining

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